Rotura de Pseudoaneurisma tras Pancreatitis Aguda Necrotizante que debuta como Hemorragia Digestiva Alta por Fistulización del Duodeno

Presentamos el caso de un varón de 64 años quien, tras un primer episodio de pancreatitis aguda necrotizante, reingresa a los 20 días por cuadro de dolor epigástrico intenso y posteriormente episodio de hemorragia digestiva alta en forma de hematemesis y melenas con inestabilización hemodinámica. Se realiza en ese momento gastroscopia urgente objetivándose probable fistula gastrointestinal en bulbo duodenal con coágulo adherido sin sangrado activo en ese momento por lo que se realiza angio-TC urgente que revela colección peripancreática necrótica con presencia de sangrado activo en su interior, procedente de la arteria pancreatoduodenal. La arteriografía urgente identificó imagen compatible con pseudoaneurisma arterial dependiente de la rama de arteria pancreatoduodenal, que fue embolizada con éxito. Desgraciadamente el paciente falleció en las horas posteriores, como consecuencia de un shock séptico secundario a colección pancreática infectada.

We present the case of a 64-year-old man who, after a first episode of acute pancreatitis, was readmitted 20 days later due to severe epigastric pain and later an episode of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the form of hematemesis and melena with hemodynamic instability. An urgent gastroscopy was performed at that time, revealing a probable gastrointestinal fistula in the duodenal bulb with an adherent clot without active bleeding at that time, so an urgent CT angiography was performed that revealed a necrotic peripancreatic collection with the presence of active bleeding inside from the pancreatoduodenal artery. Urgent arteriography identified an image compatible with arterial pseudoaneurysm dependent on the pancreaticoduodenal artery branch, which was successfully embolized. Unfortunately, the patient died a few hours later as a result of septic shock secondary to an infected pancreatic collection.

Determinants of Severity in Acute Pancreatitis: A Nation-wide Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare and validate the different classifications of severity in acute pancreatitis (AP) and to investigate which characteristics of the disease are associated with worse outcomes. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: AP is a heterogeneous disease, ranging from uneventful cases to patients with considerable morbidity and high mortality rates. Severity classifications based on legitimate determinants of severity are important to correctly describe the course of disease. METHODS: A prospective multicenter cohort study involving patients with AP from 23 hospitals in Spain. The Atlanta Classification (AC), Revised Atlanta Classification (RAC), and Determinant-based Classification (DBC) were compared. Binary logistic multivariate analysis was performed to investigate independent determinants of severity. RESULTS: A total of 1655 patients were included; 70 patients (4.2%) died. RAC and DBC were equally superior to AC for describing the clinical course of AP. Although any kind of organ failure was associated with increased morbidity and mortality, persistent organ failure (POF) was the most significant determinant of severity. All local complications were associated with worse outcomes. Infected pancreatic necrosis correlated with high morbidity, but in the presence of POF, it was not associated to higher mortality when compared with sterile necrotizing pancreatitis. Exacerbation of previous comorbidity was associated with increased morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSION: The RAC and DBC both signify an advance in the description and differentiation of AP patients. Herein, we describe the complications of the disease independently associated to morbidity and mortality. Our findings are valuable not only when designing future studies on AP but also for the improvement of current classifications.

Nature and management of pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN): A systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: The current management of pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN) is defined by the consensus European, International Association of Pancreatology and American College of Gastroenterology guidelines. However, the criterion for surgical resection remains uncertain and differs between these guidelines. Therefore through this systematic review of the existing literature we aimed to better define the natural history and prognosis of these lesions, in order to clarify recommendations for future management. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library) for studies published in the English language between 1970 and 2015. RESULTS: MCNs occur almost exclusively in women (female:male 20:1) and are mainly located in the pancreatic body or tail (93-95%). They are usually found incidentally at the age of 40-60 years. Cross-sectional imaging and endoscopic ultrasound are the most frequently used diagnostic tools, but often it is impossible to differentiate MCNs from branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (BD-IPMN) or oligocystic serous adenomas pre-operatively. In resected MCNs, 0-34% are malignant, but in those less than 4 cm only 0.03% were associated with invasive adenocarcinoma. No surgically resected benign MCNs were associated with a synchronous lesion or recurrence; therefore further follow-up is not required after resection. Five-year survival after surgical resection of a malignant MCN is approximately 60%. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to other pancreatic tumors, MCNs have a low aggressive behavior, with exceptionally low rates of malignant transformation when less than 4 cm in size, are asymptomatic and lack worrisome features on pre-operative imaging. This differs significantly from the natural history of small BD-IPMNs, supporting the need to differentiate mucinous cyst subtypes pre-operatively, where possible. The findings support the recommendations from the recent European Consensus Guidelines, for the more conservative management of MCNs.